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A new grade for Titanium

一種新級別的鈦

     Many ASTM International material specifications were written decadesago. While these specifications have evolved, the specified minimum propertieshave rarely been revisited since they were first established. In the interim,the industry has invested millions of dollars upgradingcapabilities to produce a6 better and more consistent product. In some cases, these advances may justify revising themechanical, chemical, or other requirements of corresponding ASTM specifications.

許多ASTM國際材料規(guī)范都是十多年前起草的。然而，盡管這些規(guī)范不斷被修訂，但自首次發(fā)布后，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的性能指標(biāo)下限卻很少修訂。在該規(guī)范運(yùn)行期間，本行業(yè)已經(jīng)投資數(shù)百萬美元升級能力，制造出質(zhì)量更穩(wěn)定、性能更好的產(chǎn)品。在這種情況下，這些投資是ASTM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的物理性能、化學(xué)成分或其他技術(shù)要求合理修訂所必須進(jìn)行的工作。

（在某些情況下，這些進(jìn)步是可以證明ASTM 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下物理性能，化學(xué)成分或者其他技術(shù)要求的修訂是正確的。）

 Anexample of such an activity is the recent addition of the "H grades"to the ASTM titanium specifications by ASTM Committee BI0 on Reactive andRefractory Metals and Alloys.

舉例來說，近期，ASTM BI0（活性和難熔金屬及合金委員會(huì)）在ASTM純鈦規(guī)范中增加了一種"H "級別。                          

This paper discusses: Thebackground leading to this particular change, How thetraditional role of producers in property development was replaced by a usergroup that saw an economic advantage in the change, The importance ofthe ASTM committee consensus process, and A summary of the expected benefits.

本文討論了：

1、引進(jìn)這種"H "級別純鈦的背景

    2、注重經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的應(yīng)用群體取代了制造商在提高產(chǎn)品性能方面發(fā)揮的重要作用

    3、在提高產(chǎn)品性能方面，傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)商是如何被注重經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的用戶群體所取代的？

    4、通過ASTM 委員會(huì)多數(shù)成員表決的重要性

    5、本"H "級別純鈦的預(yù)期效益概述

 

BACKGROUND

The40 to 50-year-old data used to develop current ASTM titanium properties may nolonger represent modern material. Changes in production practice have resultedin more consistent material chemistry with reduced levels of residual elementswhose combined effect is not fully  understood. Producershave to control titanium ingot chemistry so accurately that their ability toachieve consistent results and variation in properties is vastly improved fromwhen the ASTM titanium specification property values were first established.

   背景

40-50年來積累的數(shù)據(jù)慣用于顯示當(dāng)前的ASTM純鈦性能的變化趨勢，而不是有目的地為發(fā)展現(xiàn)有該牌號而收集。為使產(chǎn)品性能的實(shí)際變化較小，質(zhì)量一致性更高，就要求減少材料中殘余化學(xué)元素含量，因?yàn)檫@些殘余元素共同作用的效果是難以預(yù)測的。因此必須嚴(yán)格控制純鈦鑄錠的化學(xué)成分，以使鑄錠成分結(jié)果保持一致性，同時(shí)保證了自ASTM鈦金屬規(guī)范性能指標(biāo)首次發(fā)布后，性能指標(biāo)逐步有了較大提高。

 

過去用來發(fā)展ASTM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下鈦材性能的40-50年的數(shù)據(jù)積累可能不在代表現(xiàn)代材料。生產(chǎn)過程中的改進(jìn)使材料的化學(xué)成分更加一致，減少了殘余化學(xué)成分含量（這些殘余化學(xué)成分共同作用下的效果還沒被完全掌控。）生產(chǎn)商不得不精確控制鈦錠的化學(xué)成分，使鑄錠成分和結(jié)果更加一致，同時(shí)，性能相比于ASTM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下首次公布的鈦金屬性能參數(shù)，也有了很大的提高。

 

 

A 1998 review ofapproximately 250 Grade 2 titanium test reports found that all reportedultimate tensile strength, or UTS, values exceeded 60 ksi (410 MPa), well abovethe 50ksi (345 MPa) specification minimum. The results were presented to titaniumproducers with a proposal that if this were true in a substantially largersample, the industry might produce a competitive advantage for titanium bysimply changing the minimum specified UTS to reflect what was routinely beingachieved in practice.^1,2 Sincethe American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Code Design Allowable Stressesfor titanium are controlled by the minimum UTS, a significant savings inequipment cost could be realized if higher allowable stresses based on a higherminimum specified UTS could be utilized. Because the ASME code is used as thebasis for a wide range of industrial equipment, the effect of such a changewould be significant.

1998版修訂時(shí)，統(tǒng)計(jì)了約250份Gr2純鈦實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告，結(jié)果所有抗拉強(qiáng)度都大于410 Mpa，當(dāng)然都比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的最小指標(biāo)345 Mpa高。提出的指標(biāo)是建立在假定大量的試樣是充分的和真實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上的。企業(yè)制造的產(chǎn)品若僅僅只是抗拉強(qiáng)度比通常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的最小指標(biāo)高，也會(huì)大大提高其競爭優(yōu)勢。由于美國機(jī)械工程協(xié)會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),純鈦的許用強(qiáng)度UTS按最小值計(jì)算，因此利用比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的最小強(qiáng)度UTS高的材料在制造設(shè)備方面可達(dá)到極大節(jié)省。因?yàn)?/span>ASME標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被廣泛使用于工業(yè)設(shè)備，這種變化意義將相當(dāng)重大。

 

ROLE OF THEMATERIALS TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE

材料技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)的作用

The MaterialsTechnology Institute, headquartered in St. Louis,Mo., is an organization ofover 50 member companies, many of which use, fabricate, or manufacture titaniumor titanium equipment. MTI representatives include decision making personnelfrom many of the world's largest companies in the chemical and petrochemicalindustry. Each year MTI sponsors research projects that have a significant  benefit to  the  members' materials engineering efforts.    MTI member company representatives quicklysaw that an increase in the minimum specified tensile strength would lead toreductions in the cost of equipment they procure every year. In addition, MTI'smembership and reputation brought prestige to the project that was important ingetting cooperation from producers on a worldwide basis as well as gettingrecognition of the importance of the project by ASTM International, ASMEInternational, and other standards developing organizations.

材料技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)，總部設(shè)在St. Louis,Mo.,是一個(gè)擁有50余人的企業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)，該部下屬的多數(shù)企業(yè)是從事應(yīng)用、制作或制造鈦或鈦設(shè)備。每年，由MTI的主辦者研究與會(huì)員的材料工程具有重大利益的決策計(jì)劃。MTI的代表包括決策者在內(nèi)，均來自世界從事化學(xué)、化工行業(yè)的大型企業(yè)。MTI會(huì)員公司的決策者迅速感受到使用比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定強(qiáng)度最小值更高的鈦設(shè)備將會(huì)大大降低他們每年生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的成本。另外，MTI之所以在國際ASTM、ASME和其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展組織具有如此高的的全體成員威望，也正是由于他們的全體成員和制造商相互合作的重要設(shè)計(jì)方案帶來了全世界的公認(rèn)。

總部設(shè)立于密蘇里州圣路易斯的材料技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)，是一家擁有50多企業(yè)會(huì)員的組織，該組織下屬的多數(shù)企業(yè)都是從事應(yīng)用、加工，或是鈦或鈦設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)商。MTI（材料技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)）的代表包括決策者本身在內(nèi)，均來自化工領(lǐng)域享有國際盛名的大型企業(yè)的決策人員。每年材料技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)發(fā)起的項(xiàng)目對于該組織企業(yè)會(huì)員來說都有著重大的意義。MTI（材料技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)）的會(huì)員公司的決策者迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的抗拉強(qiáng)度最小值提高將大大降低每年購置設(shè)備的成本。此外，MTI（材料技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)）的企業(yè)會(huì)員和聲譽(yù)也給與之正在合作的來自世界各地合作商也帶來了聲望的同時(shí)，也得到來自美國ASTM國際、ASME國際和其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開發(fā)組織對該項(xiàng)目重要性的認(rèn)可。

 

The largerstudy, begun in 2002 and jointly sponsored by the Materials TechnologyInstitute, the International Titanium Association, and MC Consulting,³included data from over 30 producers worldwide, and over 8,000 data points.These data showed that over 99.5 percent of the Grade 2 unalloyed titanium in adatabase of 5,280 tests had a UTS significantly higher than the minimum 50 ksi(345 MPa) in the existing specifications, while covering the full range ofyield strength, as shown in Figure 1. The study also showed that the unalloyedtitanium Grades 1, 3, and 4 wrought-mill products also have similarly higherUTS values than indicated by current ASTM and ASME specifications.

2002年，由材料技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)、國際鈦協(xié)會(huì)和MC咨詢處共同負(fù)責(zé)開始深入研究，包括收集超過世界30家制造廠的8,000多組數(shù)據(jù)來源。5,280組統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明：超過99.5%的Gr.2純鈦的UTS（抗拉強(qiáng)度）明顯高于現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最小指標(biāo)50 ksi (345 MPa)。研究還表明，Gr.1、Gr.3和Gr.4純鈦的模鍛產(chǎn)品的UTS（抗拉強(qiáng)度）值同樣也比現(xiàn)行ASTM和ASME高。

 

   PROJECT OBJECTIVES

Grade 2titanium is widely used in the industrial corrosion sector and has become a defacto standard grade for most applications. This singular focus has allowed therelatively small titanium industry to offer a wide range of mill products andsizes, often from stock. Retaining thatfocus was a key objective of the project.

項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)

Gr.2在工業(yè)上常用作抗腐蝕部件，是實(shí)際應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種純鈦。對小企業(yè)而言，從制坯開始，唯一的關(guān)注點(diǎn)在于制造的產(chǎn)品尺寸和加工量的控制。這一關(guān)注點(diǎn)對企業(yè)來說至關(guān)重要。

鈦Gr.2在工業(yè)上常用作抗腐蝕部件，是實(shí)際應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種鈦牌號。從庫存角度而言，這一關(guān)注點(diǎn)使得規(guī)模較小的鈦企業(yè)能提供更廣泛的軋機(jī)產(chǎn)品和規(guī)格。保留這一重點(diǎn)是該項(xiàng)目的一個(gè)重要目標(biāo)。

 

   Objectives are summarized as follows:

D Take advantage of higher minimum UTS in ASME Code and relatedconstruction.

D Maintain the standardization on Grade 2 for industrial and generalapplications.

D Maintain the availability of full range of titanium products resultingfrom effective standard  ization on Grade2 for most industrial and general applications.

D Minimize any tendency for producers to change the current ingotchemistry formulations (i.e., increasing the oxygen or iron content to be morecertain of making the higher tensile strength).

D Determine if changes in other unalloyed grades, i.e., Grades 1, 3 and 4were warranted.

對此計(jì)劃概括介紹如下：

1、比ASME標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中UTS指標(biāo)最小值更高的意義和相關(guān)介紹

2、保持標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的工業(yè)級Gr.2的必要性和應(yīng)用概況

3、要保證鈦產(chǎn)品被廣泛利用，需憑借標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的有效版本規(guī)定的適用于大多數(shù)工業(yè)及常規(guī)應(yīng)用的Gr.2

4、是當(dāng)前材料生產(chǎn)者減小鑄錠化學(xué)成分目標(biāo)值變化的要求（例如，增加Fe或O含量，勢必會(huì)提高抗拉強(qiáng)度）

5、確定是否調(diào)整其他純鈦牌號，如Gr.1、Gr.3、Gr.4的依據(jù)。

  PROPOSAL TO CHANGE MINIMUM UTS IN ASTM TITANIUM SPECIFICATIONS

    The project resulted in a proposal to ASTMCommittee to change the minimum UTS of not only Grade 2, but also of the other threeunalloyed titanium grades. This met with surprising resistance. However, theprocess to resolve the issues is a clear demonstration that the ASTM consensusprocess can produce a better result. Some of the concerns brought up bystakeholders are listed below.

調(diào)整ASTM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中鈦材UTS（抗拉強(qiáng)度）最小指標(biāo)的計(jì)劃

根據(jù)ASTM委員會(huì)BI0的提議方案，欲調(diào)整最小UTS的牌號不僅是Gr.2，還包括其他三種純鈦（Gr.1、Gr.3、Gr.4）。該提議肯定使人吃驚，并遭到反對。然而，解決這些問題是有確定程序的，該方案只有取得ASTM的大多數(shù)人同意才會(huì)通過。各代表一些討論意見和關(guān)注點(diǎn)見下：

根據(jù)ASTM委員會(huì)BI0的提議，不僅要調(diào)整GR.2的最小UTS值，而且還包括其他三種純鈦（Gr.1、Gr.3、Gr.4）。該提議遇到了驚人的阻力。然而，解決這些問題的過程清楚的表明與ASTM提議一致將會(huì)有一個(gè)更好的結(jié)果。部分利益相關(guān)者的擔(dān)憂見下：

 

There was concern thatadditional restrictions in the specification requirements would lead tounnecessary product rejections even though the control of chemistry required tomeet the    proposed strength appeared tobe easily within the normal capability of the ingot producers.

盡管生產(chǎn)廠在正常生產(chǎn)條件下，鑄錠的化學(xué)成分控制很容易滿足提出的強(qiáng)度要求，但規(guī)范的附錄中還應(yīng)涉及產(chǎn)品被拒收的可能性。

有人擔(dān)憂，盡管生產(chǎn)廠在正常生產(chǎn)條件下，鑄錠的化學(xué)成分控制很容易滿足規(guī)定的強(qiáng)度要求，規(guī)格要求中的額外限制也會(huì)導(dǎo)致不必要的產(chǎn)品拒收。

 Some producers thought thatoverall consumption of titanium would decrease due to re  duced thickness requirements.

一些生產(chǎn)廠家則認(rèn)為，由于范圍變窄，鈦的總消費(fèi)量可能會(huì)減小。

There was a belief that achange in minimum UTS would cause the producers to reformulate their materialsto  meet the higher properties, giving upsome ductility and fabricability important to users of Grade 2 even though thedata showed that material above a specific oxygen level always met the 58 ksi(400 MPa) requirement and only material that had a low oxygen level (comparableto Grade 1) that was applied as Grade 2 fell below 58 ksi (400 MPa).

無庸置疑的是，由于UTS（抗拉強(qiáng)度）最小指標(biāo)值調(diào)整，生產(chǎn)廠將會(huì)以改變原牌號各元素配比的目標(biāo)值來滿足更高的性能要求，這樣會(huì)犧牲產(chǎn)品的延展性和對使用者來說至關(guān)重要Gr.2的成型性能。盡管已有數(shù)據(jù)表明，原材料的氧含量水平在規(guī)范的偏上限時(shí)，強(qiáng)度總會(huì)滿足58 ksi (400 MPa)的要求，只有當(dāng)Gr.2原材料的氧含量較低（與Gr.1比較）時(shí),強(qiáng)度才達(dá)不到58 ksi (400 MPa)。

ASTM Committee F04 on Medicaland Surgical Materials and Devices, which develops standards involving titaniumfor medical devices, known as the "F specifications,'' was concerned aboutany changes in basic specified properties because the regulatory process theyface to recognize such a change is long and costly. While the F specificationsspecify the affected properties independently, this was still a factor in notwanting to change the minimum

   property levels in the existing B (CommitteeBI0) grades. (The F specification grade requirements generally follow thegrades in the B specifications.)

由ASTM醫(yī)用和外科植入物材料和器械委員會(huì) F04，開發(fā)包含醫(yī)療器械用鈦材發(fā)展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是眾所周知的“F （規(guī)范）”，該規(guī)范的最基本的性能指標(biāo)調(diào)整之所以擔(dān)心這個(gè)修訂過程是漫長的，代價(jià)也是昂貴的。然而，F規(guī)范有自己規(guī)定的相互獨(dú)立的性能，不愿調(diào)整現(xiàn)有B版純鈦級別中（委員會(huì)B10）性能最小值指標(biāo)僅僅是其中的一種因素。（F規(guī)范的級別要求通常還是遵循B規(guī)范規(guī)定的級別。）

    The committee concluded that there was nocommercial incentive to increasing the UTS of Grade 1 since it is primarilyused for explosion cladding or plate heat exchanger applications where maximumductility is required and for chlorine anode substrates where higher electricalconductivity is also desirable. Committee B10 recognized that this need couldbe better served by reducing the minimum specified yield strength of Grade 1 toa level close to the lowest in the data base, which has the same effect on theratio of minimum UTS:YS of increasing the UTS of Grade 2. This was accompaniedby adding a supplemental requirement limiting the maximum yield strength to 40ksi (275MPa) instead of 45 ksi (310 MPa).The committee suggested reviewing thissituation in five years to see if a general shift in production would justifymaking the 40 ksi (275 MPa) upper limit mandatory.

委員會(huì)認(rèn)為，提高Gr.1牌號的UTS是沒有商業(yè)動(dòng)機(jī)的，從起初只用于爆炸復(fù)合板或熱交換管板開始，Gr.1就常用于對延展性要求高的場所，也常用作氯陽極層，這是由于它具有良好的電導(dǎo)率。委員會(huì)B10公認(rèn)，將規(guī)范中Gr.1的屈服強(qiáng)度的指標(biāo)下限降低到接近統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的最低值是最好的，這與提高Gr.2的UTS對保持最小UTS:YS的比值不變是同樣的作用。同時(shí)，增加了一附加要求，即用Gr.1最大屈服強(qiáng)度40ksi (275MPa)代替了原來的45ksi (310MPa)。委員會(huì)查閱回顧了近5年來產(chǎn)品總的變化，可以看出，強(qiáng)行將YS（屈服強(qiáng)度）上限改為40 ksi (275 MPa)是合理的。

The committeealso concluded that there was little interest in changing the minimum UTS of Grade3 because it is less widely used for pressure equipment than Grade 2, eventhough the data showed it could be done. Also,about 30 percent of the material(in the database) that could be dual certified as Grade 2 and 3 at existing Grade3 minimum tensile strength would not meet the proposed higher UTS.

委員會(huì)還認(rèn)為，不調(diào)整Gr.3的UTS最小值指標(biāo)，因?yàn)殡m然數(shù)據(jù)表明，它能應(yīng)用于壓力容器上，但它還是沒有Gr.2牌號的應(yīng)用廣泛。同時(shí)，（數(shù)據(jù)庫中）大約30%的材料既能被當(dāng)作Gr.2，也能被用作Gr.3，可滿足當(dāng)前Gr.3的最小抗拉強(qiáng)度要求，但不能達(dá)到提議中提到的更高的Gr.3的指標(biāo)。

 

    Finally, the committee concluded that there was no reason to changeGrade 4 because it is not listed in the ASME Code.

最后，委員會(huì)得出結(jié)論，決定不調(diào)整Gr.4的指標(biāo)，因?yàn)樵撆铺栁戳腥?/span>ASME的牌號中。

    As a result, no changes were by the committee for Grade 3 or 4.

最終結(jié)果：委員會(huì)同意Gr.3、Gr.4牌號的指標(biāo)不作調(diào)整。

     THE H GRADES

H牌號

    To be responsive to the user interest represented by the MTI study, andto address the concerns expressed, ASTM Subcommittee B10.01 on Titaniumdeveloped a consensus to add the 58 ksi (400 MPa) material as a separate grade,butlinked it to the standard Grade 2 by assigning it a readily associated Grade 2Hdesignation.

  通過MTI研究對使用方最感興趣的問題作出了答復(fù)，他們發(fā)表言論，ASTM委員會(huì)的附屬委員會(huì)B10.01關(guān)于鈦發(fā)展已形成了統(tǒng)一認(rèn)識(shí)，他們希望增加一種新的、獨(dú)立的強(qiáng)度為58ksi (400 MPa)的級別，將該級別命名為2H（Gr.2H），但很容易使人聯(lián)想到Gr.2。

         Grade 2H can always be dualcertified asGrade 2, and in nearly all cases, Grade 2 will meet the requirements of Grade2H. Since the standard numeric grades have been retained, it is expected thatingot producers will have minimal incentive to change their melt formulations.Retaining the standard numeric grades also addresses the medical applicationconcerns where the qualification of changes in material is costly. Thenomenclature "Grade 2H" is readily associated with "Grade 2,'minimizing the need to separately establish the H grades as a market standard.     These changes were incorporated in the2006a revision of the wrought titanium material specifications. H Gradecounterparts 7H, 16H, and 26H for the corrosion enhanced Grades 7 (Ti-0.12Pd),16 (Ti 0.06Pd), and 26 (Ti 0.1Ru) were also added to the specifications.

Gr.2H同時(shí)可被用做Gr.2，因?yàn)閹缀踉谒星闆r下，Gr.2也都能符合Gr.2H的要求。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)保持這樣的級別，有利于刺激鑄錠生產(chǎn)商不改變原有成分的目標(biāo)值，保持這種級別的編號形式，也可避免由于醫(yī)用成分與之有差異，使原料價(jià)格提高，從而限制鈦材在醫(yī)用的市場發(fā)展。“Gr.2H”這種命名法很容易使人聯(lián)想到“Gr.2”，在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中將“H” 級別單獨(dú)列為一個(gè)牌號至少是一種市場需要。在2006 a鍛造鈦材料規(guī)范的修訂版中，已增加了這些變化。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中增加的H級別的牌號還有7H, 16H和26H，它們分別是以Gr.7(Ti-0.12Pd), Gr.16 (Ti 0.06Pd)和Gr.26(Ti 0.1Ru)為基的用于提高耐蝕性的鈦合金。

ESTIMATED IMPACT OF THE HIGHER STRENGTH LEVELS

高強(qiáng)度水平的影響評估

 

It is difficultto estimate exactly how much this change will save industrial users each year.The 16 percent increase to 58 ksi (400 MPa) from 50 ksi (345 MPa) minimum tensilestrength and the corresponding increase of design-allowable stress in ASME isexpected to reduce equipment cost by an average of 10-16 percent, assuminglabor and material have equivalent cost. The market for affected equipment was estimatedto be of the order of $100 million. Thus, if the 58 ksi (400MPa) grades werefully implemented into pressure equipment,the annual savings could be as high as$16 million, year after year.

每年究竟有多少使用者會(huì)改用新的級別（牌號）很難準(zhǔn)確評估。最小抗拉強(qiáng)度從50 ksi (345 MPa)增加16%后為58 ksi (400MPa)， ASME設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的許用強(qiáng)度將相應(yīng)增加，假使價(jià)格是由原材料和性能決定的，至少也將使設(shè)備的價(jià)格平均降低10~16%。鈦設(shè)備在市場上的訂購量總價(jià)約占10億美元。因而，如果壓力容器全部使用58 ksi (400MPa)級別的鈦材，以后的每一年相當(dāng)于可節(jié)約1.6億美元。

  Finally, the higher strength addresses the currentshortage in titanium by reducing the amount of material required for a specificvessel. However, use of the H Grades is expected to result in more applicationswhere titanium is competitive，and over time a net increase in usage will result.//

無庸置疑，通過減少特種容器的的鈦材的使用量，將會(huì)緩解目前鈦材的緊缺局面。無論怎樣，在哪里鈦材有競爭，哪里H級別的鈦材用量將增長，H級別用量不斷增長也是必然趨勢。

最后，目前可通過減少特鐘容器所需的材料數(shù)量來解決當(dāng)前高強(qiáng)度鈦的短缺。然而，只要有競爭的地方，H級的使用預(yù)計(jì)就能被更廣泛的應(yīng)用，隨著時(shí)間的推移它的凈使用量也勢必增加。

References

參考文獻(xiàn)

1、McMaster, James A., "Is itTime to  Modernize the ASTMSpecifications for Unalloyed Titanium," presented at the "Titanium,Its Role, Its Growth and Its Applications in the  CPI" session, 49th CPI Exposition,  Javits Convention Center, New York,  New York, October 23~25, 2001

2、McMaster, James A.,"Rationalization of Unalloyed Titanium Material Specifications to CurrentProduction Capabilities Offers Opportunities for  the Titanium Industry," presentedat  Corrosion 2003, San Diego, Califonia,March 16 to 20, 2003

3、Final Project Report, Phase1,  ASTM Strength Revision Project  151-02, October 15, 2003, Materials  Technology Institute of the Chemicai ProcessIndustries, Inc., 1215  Fern RidgeParkway, Suite 116, St.

 Louis, Missouri 63141-4405

 

Benefits of new titanium specs

 

1、Opportunities exist for specification upgradesbased on modern material properties.

2、Producers as well as users canbenefit by tightening specifications to reflect improved productioncapabilities.

3、Change should be considered interms of both production risks and marketing benefits.

4、The H Grades will make titanium morecompetitive compared to other materials, and to some extent will help addressthe current shortage of titanium.

5、User groups can fulfill the role of developingor optimizing requirements for materials that has traditionally been filled bythe producer of the materials.

6、Revisiting existing old data with modernanalytical methods can produce useful/beneficial changes.

7、Tighter limits on properties in productspecifications may result in significantly higher design allowable stresses incodes and standards that use the statistical methods to determine theseallowable stresses.

8、Modernization of specifications to reflect theimprovements in product quality and consistency is one way ASTM committees cancontribute to making investments in improved material production worthwhile.

 

新規(guī)范的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

1、以現(xiàn)有材料性能為基礎(chǔ)，提高了本規(guī)范水平。

2、將高指標(biāo)要求的產(chǎn)品納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后，生產(chǎn)者和使用者都會(huì)受益。

3、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的變化考慮了產(chǎn)品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和市場效益。

4、與其他材料比較，H級別將使鈦材更具有競爭力，更深一層說，會(huì)緩解目前的鈦材短缺的局面。

5、有助于使用者實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展或優(yōu)化所需材料的作用，也有利于生產(chǎn)者按傳統(tǒng)方式供應(yīng)材料。

6、用現(xiàn)有的分析方法回顧積累的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這是一種有益的變化。

7、在產(chǎn)品規(guī)范中規(guī)定的性能極限值增高對按該級別（牌號）設(shè)計(jì)許用壓力意義重大，因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)者是按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的極限用統(tǒng)計(jì)方法來決定許用壓力的。

8、現(xiàn)代規(guī)范表現(xiàn)出的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和質(zhì)量一致性提高是ASTM委員會(huì)為提高材料生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量所做投資的必然回報(bào)。